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Data dodania: 4 sierpnia 2022, 06:35He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. Harry's belief is based on. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. [/PDF The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. 50 0 obj When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Introducing Cram Folders! Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. This is. Social Researcher. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Or is there something more nuanced at play? That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. In groupthink, members of the group______. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. /Linearized 1.0 After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. %%EOF "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. /Resources 50 0 R Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? (p.47). %%EOF An internet resource developed by They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. endstream endobj startxref The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. Instead the opposite happened. DISCUSSION. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? /ImageC Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. /N 8 Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. 47 14 Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Festinger, L. (1957). Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. 0000013918 00000 n The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less June 22, 2015 Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. . 0000094931 00000 n Vince's behavior is an example of. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. J. abnorm. << He called it the Sacrifice Trap: A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. The results were surprising to Festinger. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? 47 0 obj Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Please sign in to share these flashcards. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Take it with you wherever you go. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. 0000012870 00000 n The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. 109 0 obj <>stream The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. Introducing Cram Folders! Sherry H. Priester /Prev 679084 The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Their prediction provedcorrect. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Dr. Nekita Fuller Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). 3. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. How are these 100 people likely to respond? In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. From this point on they diverged somewhat. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction?